XSS (Cross-site Scripting) allows an attacker to execute a dynamic script (Javascript, VbScript) in the context of the application. This allows several different attack opportunities, mostly hijacking the current session of the user or changing the look of the page by changing the HTML on the fly to steal the user's credentials. This happens because the input entered by a user has been interpreted as HTML/Javascript/VbScript by the browser.
XSS targets the users of the application instead of the server. Although this is a limitation, since it allows attackers to hijack other users' session, an attacker might attack an administrator to gain full control over the application.
Impact
There are many different attacks that can be leveraged through the use of XSS, including:
Hi-jacking users' active session
Changing the look of the page within the victims browser.
Mounting a successful phishing attack.
Intercept data and perform man-in-the-middle attacks.
Remedy
The issue occurs because the browser interprets the input as active HTML, Javascript or VbScript. To avoid this, all input and output from the application should be filtered. Output should be filtered according to the output format and location. Typically the output location is HTML. Where the output is HTML ensure that all active content is removed prior to its presentation to the server.
Prior to sanitizing user input, ensure you have a pre-defined list of both expected and acceptable characters with which you populate a white-list. This list needs only be defined once and should be used to sanitize and validate all subsequent input.
There are a number of pre-defined, well structured white-list libraries available for many different environments, good examples of these include, OWASP Reform and Microsoft Anti Cross-site Scripting libraries are good examples.
<HR Size =1> <TABLE> <TR> <TD HEIGHT="4"> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <!--AJ 04.28.2003 Removed Registration functionality <TR> <TD> If you've never visited us before, please register. </TD> <TD>
<BUTTON onClick="window.location='customer/customer.asp?new=1&ReferrerURL='%22--%3E%3C/style%3E%3C/script%3E%3Cscript%3Enetsparker(0x00005A)%3C/script%3E&=3'" id=button1 name=button1>Register</BUTTON> </TD> </TR> End Registration removal--> </TABLE> <TABLE width="90%"> <TR> <TD>Need an OCP account? Forgot your OCP password? <B>Please contact your Authorized Requestor or Application Support Representative.</B> <BR><BR><B>TriZetto employees</B> may contact the Service Desk for assistance. </TD> </TR> </TABLE>
<HR Size =1> <TABLE> <TR> <TD HEIGHT="4"> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <!--AJ 04.28.2003 Removed Registration functionality <TR> <TD> If you've never visited us before, please register. </TD> <TD>
<BUTTON onClick="window.location='customer/customer.asp?new=1&ReferrerURL='%22--%3E%3C/style%3E%3C/script%3E%3Cscript%3Enetsparker(0x00005D)%3C/script%3E&new=1&=3'" id=button1 name=button1>Register</BUTTON> </TD> </TR> End Registration removal--> </TABLE> <TABLE width="90%"> <TR> <TD>Need an OCP account? Forgot your OCP password? <B>Please contact your Authorized Requestor or Application Support Representative.</B> <BR><BR><B>TriZetto employees</B> may contact the Service Desk for assistance. </TD> </TR> </TABLE>
<HR Size =1> <TABLE> <TR> <TD HEIGHT="4"> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <!--AJ 04.28.2003 Removed Registration functionality <TR> <TD> If you've never visited us before, please register. </TD> <TD>
<BUTTON onClick="window.location='customer/customer.asp?new=1&'"--></style></script><script>netsparker(0x000207)</script>'" id=button1 name=button1>Register</BUTTON> </TD> </TR> End Registration removal--> </TABLE> <TABLE width="90%"> <TR> <TD>Need an OCP account? Forgot your OCP password? <B>Please contact your Authorized Requestor or Application Support Representative.</B> <BR><BR><B>TriZetto employees</B> may contact the Service Desk for assistance. </TD> </TR> </TABLE>
<TD COLSPAN="2"> <FONT COLOR="#FF0000"><STRONG> Invalid user name or password. Please try again. If you are still experiencing difficulties logging in, please contact your system administrator.<BR>
<HR Size =1> <TABLE> <TR> <TD HEIGHT="4"> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <!--AJ 04.28.2003 Removed Registration functionality <TR> <TD> If you've never visited us before, please register. </TD> <TD>
<BUTTON onClick="window.location='customer/customer.asp?new=1&'" id=button1 name=button1>Register</BUTTON> </TD> </TR> End Registration removal--> </TABLE> <TABLE width="90%"> <TR> <TD>Need an OCP account? Forgot your OCP password? <B>Please contact your Authorized Requestor or Application Support Representative.</B> <BR><BR><B>TriZetto employees</B> may contact the Service Desk for assistance. </TD> </TR> </TABLE>
<TD COLSPAN="2"> <FONT COLOR="#FF0000"><STRONG> Invalid user name or password. Please try again. If you are still experiencing difficulties logging in, please contact your system administrator.<BR>
<HR Size =1> <TABLE> <TR> <TD HEIGHT="4"> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <!--AJ 04.28.2003 Removed Registration functionality <TR> <TD> If you've never visited us before, please register. </TD> <TD>
<BUTTON onClick="window.location='customer/customer.asp?new=1&'" id=button1 name=button1>Register</BUTTON> </TD> </TR> End Registration removal--> </TABLE> <TABLE width="90%"> <TR> <TD>Need an OCP account? Forgot your OCP password? <B>Please contact your Authorized Requestor or Application Support Representative.</B> <BR><BR><B>TriZetto employees</B> may contact the Service Desk for assistance. </TD> </TR> </TABLE>
<TD COLSPAN="2"> <FONT COLOR="#FF0000"><STRONG> Invalid user name or password. Please try again. If you are still experiencing difficulties logging in, please contact your system administrator.<BR>
<HR Size =1> <TABLE> <TR> <TD HEIGHT="4"> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <!--AJ 04.28.2003 Removed Registration functionality <TR> <TD> If you've never visited us before, please register. </TD> <TD>
<BUTTON onClick="window.location='customer/customer.asp?new=1&'" id=button1 name=button1>Register</BUTTON> </TD> </TR> End Registration removal--> </TABLE> <TABLE width="90%"> <TR> <TD>Need an OCP account? Forgot your OCP password? <B>Please contact your Authorized Requestor or Application Support Representative.</B> <BR><BR><B>TriZetto employees</B> may contact the Service Desk for assistance. </TD> </TR> </TABLE>
<TD COLSPAN="2"> <FONT COLOR="#FF0000"><STRONG> Invalid user name or password. Please try again. If you are still experiencing difficulties logging in, please contact your system administrator.<BR>
<HR Size =1> <TABLE> <TR> <TD HEIGHT="4"> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <!--AJ 04.28.2003 Removed Registration functionality <TR> <TD> If you've never visited us before, please register. </TD> <TD>
<BUTTON onClick="window.location='customer/customer.asp?new=1&'" id=button1 name=button1>Register</BUTTON> </TD> </TR> End Registration removal--> </TABLE> <TABLE width="90%"> <TR> <TD>Need an OCP account? Forgot your OCP password? <B>Please contact your Authorized Requestor or Application Support Representative.</B> <BR><BR><B>TriZetto employees</B> may contact the Service Desk for assistance. </TD> </TR> </TABLE>
<TD COLSPAN="2"> <FONT COLOR="#FF0000"><STRONG> Invalid user name or password. Please try again. If you are still experiencing difficulties logging in, please contact your system administrator.<BR>
<HR Size =1> <TABLE> <TR> <TD HEIGHT="4"> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <!--AJ 04.28.2003 Removed Registration functionality <TR> <TD> If you've never visited us before, please register. </TD> <TD>
<BUTTON onClick="window.location='customer/customer.asp?new=1&'" id=button1 name=button1>Register</BUTTON> </TD> </TR> End Registration removal--> </TABLE> <TABLE width="90%"> <TR> <TD>Need an OCP account? Forgot your OCP password? <B>Please contact your Authorized Requestor or Application Support Representative.</B> <BR><BR><B>TriZetto employees</B> may contact the Service Desk for assistance. </TD> </TR> </TABLE>
A Cookie was not marked as secure and transmitted over HTTPS. This means the cookie could potentially be stolen by an attacker who can successfully intercept and decrypt the traffic or following a successful MITM (Man in the middle) attack.
Impact
This cookie will be transmitted over a HTTP connection, therefore if this cookie is important (such as a session cookie) an attacker might intercept it and hijack a victim's session. If the attacker can carry out a MITM attack, he/she can force victim to make a HTTP request to steal the cookie.
Actions to Take
See the remedy for solution.
Mark all cookies used within the application as secure. (If the cookie is not related to authentication or does not carry any personal information you do not have to mark it as secure.))
Remedy
Mark all cookies used within the application as secure.
Required Skills for Successful Exploitation
To exploit this issue, the attacker needs to be able to intercept traffic. This generally requires local access to the web server or victim's network. Attackers need to be understand layer 2, have physical access to systems either as way points for the traffic, or locally (have gained access to) to a system between the victim and the web server.
GET / HTTP/1.1 Referer: https://customer.trizetto.com/OnyxCustomerPortal/ User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322) Cache-Control: no-cache Host: customer.trizetto.com Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: Keep-Alive
Response
HTTP/1.1 302 Object moved Date: Mon, 02 May 2011 15:39:05 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET Location: https://Customer.TriZetto.com/OnyxCustomerPortal/ Content-Length: 170 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDQQBSARSQ=HMFJIKEDDDFKAKAGJOEFPHBF; path=/ Cache-control: private
<head><title>Object moved</title></head><body><h1>Object Moved</h1>This object may be found <a HREF="https://Customer.TriZetto.com/OnyxCustomerPortal/">here</a>.</body>
The Server responded with an HTTP status 500. This indicates that there is a server-side error. Reasons may vary. The behavior should be analysed carefully. If Netsparker is able to find a security issue in the same resource it will report this as a separate vulnerability.
Impact
The impact may vary depending on the condition. Generally this indicates poor coding practices, not enough error checking, sanitization and whitelisting. However there might be a bigger issue such as SQL Injection. If that's the case Netsparker will check for other possible issues and report them separately.
Remedy
Analyse this issue and review the application code in order to handle unexpected errors, this should be a generic practice which does not disclose further information upon an error. All errors should be handled server side only.
"Auto Complete" was enabled in one or more of the form fields. These were either "password" fields or important fields such as "Credit Card".
Impact
Data entered in these fields will be cached by the browser. An attacker who can access the victim's browser could steal this information. This is especially important if the application is commonly used in shared computers such as cyber cafes or airport terminals.
Remedy
Add the attribute autocomplete="off" to the form tag or to individual "input" fields.
Actions to Take
See the remedy for the solution.
Find all instances of inputs which store private data and disable autocomplete. Fields which contain data such as "Credit Card" or "CCV" type data should not be cached. You can allow the application to cache usernames and remember passwords, however, in most cases this is not recommended.
Re-scan the application after addressing the identified issues to ensure that all of the fixes have been applied properly.
Required Skills for Successful Exploitation
Dumping all data from a browser can be fairly easy and there exist a number of automated tools to undertake this. Where the attacker cannot dump the data, he/she could still browse the recently visited websites and activate the auto-complete feature to see previously entered values.
<HR Size =1> <TABLE> <TR> <TD HEIGHT="4"> </TD> <TD> </TD> </TR> <!--AJ 04.28.2003 Removed Registration functionality <TR> <TD> If you've never visited us before, please register. </TD> <TD>
<BUTTON onClick="window.location='customer/customer.asp?new=1&'" id=button1 name=button1>Register</BUTTON> </TD> </TR> End Registration removal--> </TABLE> <TABLE width="90%"> <TR> <TD>Need an OCP account? Forgot your OCP password? <B>Please contact your Authorized Requestor or Application Support Representative.</B> <BR><BR><B>TriZetto employees</B> may contact the Service Desk for assistance. </TD> </TR> </TABLE>
Cookie was not marked as HTTPOnly. HTTPOnly cookies can not be read by client-side scripts therefore marking a cookie as HTTPOnly can provide an additional layer of protection against Cross-site Scripting attacks..
Impact
During a Cross-site Scripting attack an attacker might easily access cookies and hijack the victim's session.
Actions to Take
See the remedy for solution
Consider marking all of the cookies used by the application as HTTPOnly (After these changes javascript code will not able to read cookies.
Remedy
Mark the cookie as HTTPOnly. This will be an extra layer of defence against XSS. However this is not a silver bullet and will not protect the system against Cross-site Scripting attacks. An attacker can use a tool such as XSS Tunnel to bypass HTTPOnly protection.
GET / HTTP/1.1 Referer: https://customer.trizetto.com/OnyxCustomerPortal/ User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322) Cache-Control: no-cache Host: customer.trizetto.com Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: Keep-Alive
Response
HTTP/1.1 302 Object moved Date: Mon, 02 May 2011 15:39:05 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET Location: https://Customer.TriZetto.com/OnyxCustomerPortal/ Content-Length: 170 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDQQBSARSQ=HMFJIKEDDDFKAKAGJOEFPHBF; path=/ Cache-control: private
<head><title>Object moved</title></head><body><h1>Object Moved</h1>This object may be found <a HREF="https://Customer.TriZetto.com/OnyxCustomerPortal/">here</a>.</body>
Netsparker identified a programming error message.
Impact
The error message may disclose sensitive information and this information can be used by an attacker to mount new attacks or to enlarge the attack surface. Source code, stack trace, etc. type data may be disclosed. Most of these issues will be identified and reported separately by Netsparker.
Remedy
Do not provide error messages on production environments. Save error messages with a reference number to a backend storage such as a log, text file or database then show this number and a static user-friendly error message to the user.
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden Content-Length: 218 Content-Type: text/html Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET Date: Mon, 02 May 2011 15:39:05 GMT
<html><head><title>Error</title></head><body><head><title>Directory Listing Denied</title></head><body><h1>Directory Listing Denied</h1>This Virtual Directory does not allow contents to be listed.</body></body></html>
Netsparker found e-mail addresses on the web site.
Impact
E-mail addresses discovered within the application can be used by both spam email engines and also brute force tools. Furthermore valid email addresses may lead to social engineering attacks .
Remedy
Use generic email addresses such as contact@ or info@ for general communications, remove user/people specific e-mail addresses from the web site, should this be required use submission forms for this purpose.
<b>TriZetto Customer Support Model</b> </td> <td width="2%" height="24"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="122" width="2%"> </td> <td height="122" width="96%" valign="top">The TriZetto customer support model has been designed exclusively for TriZetto clients. It provides a single point of access to our company so that our customers can more easily interface with our staff. This support model allows TriZetto to identify ways to provide the highest quality of service to our customers.</td> <td height="122" width="2%"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td height="51" width="2%"> </td> <td height="51" width="96%"> </td> <td height="51" width="2%"> </td> </tr> </table> <!--<P>Contacting Corporate Headquarters<BR> <TABLE height="107" > <TR> <TD VALIGN="top" height="64">Address:</TD> <TD VALIGN="top" height="64">The Trizetto Group, Inc.<BR>Suite 360<BR>567 San Nicolas Drive<BR>Newport Beach, CA 92660 <BR> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD VALIGN="top" height="16">Tel:</TD> <TD VALIGN="top" height="16">1-800-569-1222<BR> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD VALIGN="top" height="15">Email:</TD> <TD VALIGN="top" height="15"><A href="mailto:info@onyx.com">info@trizetto.com</A></TD> </TR></TABLE></P></FONT>--> </body>
Netsparker identified that the target web server is disclosing the web server's version in the HTTP response. This information can help an attacker to gain a greater understanding of the system in use and potentially develop further attacks targeted at the specific web server version.
Impact
An attacker can look for specific security vulnerabilities for the version identified through the SERVER header information.
Remediation
Configure your web server to prevent information leakage from the SERVER header of its HTTP response.
GET / HTTP/1.1 Referer: https://customer.trizetto.com/OnyxCustomerPortal/ User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322) Cache-Control: no-cache Host: customer.trizetto.com Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: Keep-Alive
Response
HTTP/1.1 302 Object moved Date: Mon, 02 May 2011 15:39:05 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET Location: https://Customer.TriZetto.com/OnyxCustomerPortal/ Content-Length: 170 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDQQBSARSQ=HMFJIKEDDDFKAKAGJOEFPHBF; path=/ Cache-control: private
<head><title>Object moved</title></head><body><h1>Object Moved</h1>This object may be found <a HREF="https://Customer.TriZetto.com/OnyxCustomerPortal/">here</a>.</body>
