SQL injection vulnerabilities arise when user-controllable data is incorporated into database SQL queries in an unsafe manner. An attacker can supply crafted input to break out of the data context in which their input appears and interfere with the structure of the surrounding query.
Various attacks can be delivered via SQL injection, including reading or modifying critical application data, interfering with application logic, escalating privileges within the database and executing operating system commands.
Issue remediation
The most effective way to prevent SQL injection attacks is to use parameterised queries (also known as prepared statements) for all database access. This method uses two steps to incorporate potentially tainted data into SQL queries: first, the application specifies the structure of the query, leaving placeholders for each item of user input; second, the application specifies the contents of each placeholder. Because the structure of the query has already defined in the first step, it is not possible for malformed data in the second step to interfere with the query structure. You should review the documentation for your database and application platform to determine the appropriate APIs which you can use to perform parameterised queries. It is strongly recommended that you parameterise every variable data item that is incorporated into database queries, even if it is not obviously tainted, to prevent oversights occurring and avoid vulnerabilities being introduced by changes elsewhere within the code base of the application.
You should be aware that some commonly employed and recommended mitigations for SQL injection vulnerabilities are not always effective:
One common defense is to double up any single quotation marks appearing within user input before incorporating that input into a SQL query. This defense is designed to prevent malformed data from terminating the string in which it is inserted. However, if the data being incorporated into queries is numeric, then the defense may fail, because numeric data may not be encapsulated within quotes, in which case only a space is required to break out of the data context and interfere with the query. Further, in second-order SQL injection attacks, data that has been safely escaped when initially inserted into the database is subsequently read from the database and then passed back to it again. Quotation marks that have been doubled up initially will return to their original form when the data is reused, allowing the defense to be bypassed.
Another often cited defense is to use stored procedures for database access. While stored procedures can provide security benefits, they are not guaranteed to prevent SQL injection attacks. The same kinds of vulnerabilities that arise within standard dynamic SQL queries can arise if any SQL is dynamically constructed within stored procedures. Further, even if the procedure is sound, SQL injection can arise if the procedure is invoked in an unsafe manner using user-controllable data.
The REST URL parameter 2 appears to be vulnerable to SQL injection attacks. A single quote was submitted in the REST URL parameter 2, and a general error message was returned. Two single quotes were then submitted and the error message disappeared. You should review the contents of the error message, and the application's handling of other input, to confirm whether a vulnerability is present.
Request 1
GET /15/182221'/abc-development-inc/chicago.aspx/x22 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.bizfind.us Accept: */* Accept-Language: en User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0) Connection: close
Response 1
HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error Connection: close Date: Thu, 03 Feb 2011 21:48:38 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET X-Powered-By: PleskWin MicrosoftOfficeWebServer: 5.0_Pub Content-Length: 5453 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSQQCTAQA=KHEEKNBBHJMPFGDEDDNMBPHF; path=/ Cache-control: private
GET /15/182221''/abc-development-inc/chicago.aspx/x22 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.bizfind.us Accept: */* Accept-Language: en User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0) Connection: close
Response 2
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection: close Date: Thu, 03 Feb 2011 21:48:38 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET X-Powered-By: PleskWin MicrosoftOfficeWebServer: 5.0_Pub Content-Length: 11282 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSQQCTAQA=MHEEKNBBLHOHJNHBIPNHJKNL; path=/ Cache-control: private
The REST URL parameter 5 appears to be vulnerable to SQL injection attacks. A single quote was submitted in the REST URL parameter 5, and a general error message was returned. Two single quotes were then submitted and the error message disappeared. You should review the contents of the error message, and the application's handling of other input, to confirm whether a vulnerability is present.
Request 1
GET /15/182221/abc-development-inc/chicago.aspx/x22' HTTP/1.1 Host: www.bizfind.us Accept: */* Accept-Language: en User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0) Connection: close
Response 1
HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error Connection: close Date: Thu, 03 Feb 2011 21:48:41 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET X-Powered-By: PleskWin MicrosoftOfficeWebServer: 5.0_Pub Content-Length: 1369 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSQQCTAQA=CJEEKNBBDCJDLMEACLODNOPI; path=/ Cache-control: private
GET /15/182221/abc-development-inc/chicago.aspx/x22'' HTTP/1.1 Host: www.bizfind.us Accept: */* Accept-Language: en User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0) Connection: close
Response 2
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection: close Date: Thu, 03 Feb 2011 21:48:41 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET X-Powered-By: PleskWin MicrosoftOfficeWebServer: 5.0_Pub Content-Length: 11302 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSQQCTAQA=EJEEKNBBLAHNPDBHLMHJLNKM; path=/ Cache-control: private
The name of an arbitrarily supplied request parameter is copied into the value of an HTML tag attribute which is encapsulated in double quotation marks. The payload d9ef9"><script>alert(1)</script>dd38641bfde was submitted in the name of an arbitrarily supplied request parameter. This input was echoed unmodified in the application's response.
This proof-of-concept attack demonstrates that it is possible to inject arbitrary JavaScript into the application's response.
Issue background
Reflected cross-site scripting vulnerabilities arise when data is copied from a request and echoed into the application's immediate response in an unsafe way. An attacker can use the vulnerability to construct a request which, if issued by another application user, will cause JavaScript code supplied by the attacker to execute within the user's browser in the context of that user's session with the application.
The attacker-supplied code can perform a wide variety of actions, such as stealing the victim's session token or login credentials, performing arbitrary actions on the victim's behalf, and logging their keystrokes.
Users can be induced to issue the attacker's crafted request in various ways. For example, the attacker can send a victim a link containing a malicious URL in an email or instant message. They can submit the link to popular web sites that allow content authoring, for example in blog comments. And they can create an innocuous looking web site which causes anyone viewing it to make arbitrary cross-domain requests to the vulnerable application (using either the GET or the POST method).
The security impact of cross-site scripting vulnerabilities is dependent upon the nature of the vulnerable application, the kinds of data and functionality which it contains, and the other applications which belong to the same domain and organisation. If the application is used only to display non-sensitive public content, with no authentication or access control functionality, then a cross-site scripting flaw may be considered low risk. However, if the same application resides on a domain which can access cookies for other more security-critical applications, then the vulnerability could be used to attack those other applications, and so may be considered high risk. Similarly, if the organisation which owns the application is a likely target for phishing attacks, then the vulnerability could be leveraged to lend credibility to such attacks, by injecting Trojan functionality into the vulnerable application, and exploiting users' trust in the organisation in order to capture credentials for other applications which it owns. In many kinds of application, such as those providing online banking functionality, cross-site scripting should always be considered high risk.
Issue remediation
In most situations where user-controllable data is copied into application responses, cross-site scripting attacks can be prevented using two layers of defenses:
Input should be validated as strictly as possible on arrival, given the kind of content which it is expected to contain. For example, personal names should consist of alphabetical and a small range of typographical characters, and be relatively short; a year of birth should consist of exactly four numerals; email addresses should match a well-defined regular expression. Input which fails the validation should be rejected, not sanitised.
User input should be HTML-encoded at any point where it is copied into application responses. All HTML metacharacters, including < > " ' and =, should be replaced with the corresponding HTML entities (< > etc).
In cases where the application's functionality allows users to author content using a restricted subset of HTML tags and attributes (for example, blog comments which allow limited formatting and linking), it is necessary to parse the supplied HTML to validate that it does not use any dangerous syntax; this is a non-trivial task.
Request
GET /15/182221/abc-development-inc/chicago.aspx/x22?d9ef9"><script>alert(1)</script>dd38641bfde=1 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.bizfind.us Accept: */* Accept-Language: en User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0) Connection: close
Response
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection: close Date: Thu, 03 Feb 2011 21:48:31 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET X-Powered-By: PleskWin MicrosoftOfficeWebServer: 5.0_Pub Content-Length: 11704 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSQQCTAQA=JDEEKNBBLGAHBJGBEKACDHHM; path=/ Cache-control: private
If the HttpOnly attribute is set on a cookie, then the cookie's value cannot be read or set by client-side JavaScript. This measure can prevent certain client-side attacks, such as cross-site scripting, from trivially capturing the cookie's value via an injected script.
Issue remediation
There is usually no good reason not to set the HttpOnly flag on all cookies. Unless you specifically require legitimate client-side scripts within your application to read or set a cookie's value, you should set the HttpOnly flag by including this attribute within the relevant Set-cookie directive.
You should be aware that the restrictions imposed by the HttpOnly flag can potentially be circumvented in some circumstances, and that numerous other serious attacks can be delivered by client-side script injection, aside from simple cookie stealing.
The cookie appears to contain a session token, which may increase the risk associated with this issue. You should review the contents of the cookie to determine its function.
Request
GET /15/182221/abc-development-inc/chicago.aspx/x22 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.bizfind.us Accept: */* Accept-Language: en User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0) Connection: close
Response
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection: close Date: Thu, 03 Feb 2011 21:48:28 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET X-Powered-By: PleskWin MicrosoftOfficeWebServer: 5.0_Pub Content-Length: 11262 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSQQCTAQA=MBEEKNBBLDIKBKLLPOJKBBJH; path=/ Cache-control: private
The cookie appears to contain a session token, which may increase the risk associated with this issue. You should review the contents of the cookie to determine its function.
Request
GET /15/182221/abc-development-inc/chicago.aspx/x22/%22ns=%22alert(0x0006C1) HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml, */* Accept-Language: en-US User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0) Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Proxy-Connection: Keep-Alive Host: www.bizfind.us
Response
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 04 Feb 2011 02:35:56 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET X-Powered-By: PleskWin MicrosoftOfficeWebServer: 5.0_Pub Content-Length: 11710 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSQQCTAQA=GNNNLNBBCDCJFMEMFLPKHOHL; path=/ Cache-control: private
The cookie appears to contain a session token, which may increase the risk associated with this issue. You should review the contents of the cookie to determine its function.
Request
GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1 Accept: */* Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0) Host: www.bizfind.us Proxy-Connection: Keep-Alive
Response
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Date: Fri, 04 Feb 2011 02:36:05 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET X-Powered-By: PleskWin MicrosoftOfficeWebServer: 5.0_Pub Location: http://www.bizfind.us Content-Length: 0 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSQQCTAQA=CBONLNBBJDMBAKPEBCOICOPH; path=/ Cache-control: private
4. Cross-domain script includeprevious There are 3 instances of this issue:
When an application includes a script from an external domain, this script is executed by the browser within the security context of the invoking application. The script can therefore do anything that the application's own scripts can do, such as accessing application data and performing actions within the context of the current user.
If you include a script from an external domain, then you are trusting that domain with the data and functionality of your application, and you are trusting the domain's own security to prevent an attacker from modifying the script to perform malicious actions within your application.
Issue remediation
Scripts should not be included from untrusted domains. If you have a requirement which a third-party script appears to fulfil, then you should ideally copy the contents of that script onto your own domain and include it from there. If that is not possible (e.g. for licensing reasons) then you should consider reimplementing the script's functionality within your own code.
GET /15/182221/abc-development-inc/chicago.aspx/x22 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.bizfind.us Accept: */* Accept-Language: en User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0) Connection: close
Response
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Connection: close Date: Thu, 03 Feb 2011 21:48:28 GMT Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 X-Powered-By: ASP.NET X-Powered-By: PleskWin MicrosoftOfficeWebServer: 5.0_Pub Content-Length: 11262 Content-Type: text/html Set-Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSQQCTAQA=MBEEKNBBLDIKBKLLPOJKBBJH; path=/ Cache-control: private